Journal Description
Water
Water
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal on water science and technology, including the ecology and management of water resources, and is published semimonthly online by MDPI. Water collaborates with the International Conference on Flood Management (ICFM) and Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI). In addition, the American Institute of Hydrology (AIH), The Polish Limnological Society (PLS) and Japanese Society of Physical Hydrology (JSPH) are affiliated with Water and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, GEOBASE, GeoRef, PubAg, AGRIS, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Water Resources) / CiteScore - Q1 (Water Science and Technology)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.9 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Water include: GeoHazards and Hydrobiology.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.5 (2022)
Latest Articles
Excess of Nutrients in Prefabricated or Compact Wastewater Treatment Plants: Review, Solution Alternative, and Modeling for Verification
Water 2024, 16(10), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101354 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Chile has numerous areas that lack sewage collection, including in the capital city. Sanitation in these cases is managed through individual solutions like septic tanks or small wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that use biological treatment, usually activated sludge with extended aeration. In general,
[...] Read more.
Chile has numerous areas that lack sewage collection, including in the capital city. Sanitation in these cases is managed through individual solutions like septic tanks or small wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) that use biological treatment, usually activated sludge with extended aeration. In general, the design of these systems adheres to the quality standards mandated by regulations for discharge, infiltration, or irrigation. In this scenario, traditional methods like increasing dissolved oxygen (DO) or hydraulic retention time (HRT) were unable to effectively reduce excessive nutrients. Therefore, literature related to nutrient excess and denitrification systems is consulted and reviewed to compile different solutions suitable for the presented issue. Potential solutions were modeled and verified using the free simulation software WRc STOAT. The software accurately predicted the unsatisfactory results of the current setup and provided parameters for the proposed modifications. Experience, precise user definition, influential characteristics, and modeling are essential in the design of WWTPs.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Projected Changes in Extreme Precipitation Patterns across Algerian Sub-Regions
by
Yasmine Hamitouche, Ayoub Zeroual, Mohamed Meddi, Ali A. Assani, Ramdane Alkama, Zekâi Şen and Xinhua Zhang
Water 2024, 16(10), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101353 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
Extreme precipitation events play a crucial role in shaping the vulnerability of regions like Algeria to the impacts of climate change. To delve deeper into this critical aspect, this study investigates the changing patterns of extreme precipitation across five sub-regions of Algeria using
[...] Read more.
Extreme precipitation events play a crucial role in shaping the vulnerability of regions like Algeria to the impacts of climate change. To delve deeper into this critical aspect, this study investigates the changing patterns of extreme precipitation across five sub-regions of Algeria using data from 33 model simulations provided by the NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Climate Projections (NEX-GDDP-CMIP6). Our analysis reveals a projected decline in annual precipitation for four of these regions, contrasting with an expected increase in desert areas where annual precipitation levels remain low, typically not exceeding 120 mm. Furthermore, key precipitation indices such as maximum 1-day precipitation (Rx1day) and extremely wet-day precipitation (R99p) consistently show upward trends across all zones, under both SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios. However, the number of heavy precipitation days (R20mm) demonstrates varied trends among zones, exhibiting stable fluctuations. These findings provide valuable foresight into future precipitation patterns, offering essential insights for policymakers and stakeholders. By anticipating these changes, adaptive strategies can be devised to mitigate potential climate change impacts on crucial sectors such as agriculture, flooding, water resources, and drought.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroclimatic Modeling and Monitoring under Climate Change)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Unveiling the Dynamics of Cryptosporidium in Urban Surface Water: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment and Insights into Climatic and Seasonal Influences
by
Hazrat Bilal, Xiaowen Li, Muhammad Shahid Iqbal, Roberto Xavier Supe Tulcan and Madan Thapa Chhetri
Water 2024, 16(10), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101352 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
In response to global urbanization and economic development, urban surface water pollution has become a universal challenge and particularly affects densely populated megacities, and Dhaka is no exception. The discharge of 98% of untreated domestic sewage and massive volumes of industrial wastewater from
[...] Read more.
In response to global urbanization and economic development, urban surface water pollution has become a universal challenge and particularly affects densely populated megacities, and Dhaka is no exception. The discharge of 98% of untreated domestic sewage and massive volumes of industrial wastewater from over 7000 industries escalate surface water crises. This study investigates microbial and fecal contamination with particular emphasis on Cryptosporidium in surface water, known for causing waterborne diseases, such as cryptosporidiosis. Findings reveal high Cryptosporidium oocyst concentrations and fecal contamination in various water bodies in Dhaka City. Among the investigated water bodies, the Buriganga River exhibits the highest Cryptosporidium oocyst concentration (46%), while the Balu River, Turag River, Shitalakkhya River, Dhanmondi Lake, Gulshan Lake, Banani Lake, Ramna Lake, and Crescent Lake also present high levels of oocyst concentrations ranging from 21–40%. This study also calculated infection risks and found that the infection risk of swimming is highest during the wet season and is (3.9 ± 2.2 (95% CI: 3.0–5.0)) × 10−2 per swimming event, whereas it is approximately (2.4 ± 1.9 (95% CI: 1.6–3.3)) × 10−2 during the dry season. Annual diving risks are approximately (1.2 ± 0.6 (95% CI: 0.9–1.4)) × 10−2, indicating considerably high risks. Most of the sampling sites generally show significantly higher risks than other study areas like the Mymensingh and Kushtia Districts. In light of these results, we strongly recommend immediate measures to address water quality issues and mitigate the risks associated with Cryptosporidium contamination in Dhaka’s surface water.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Freshwater Conservation and Restoration in a Large River Basin)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Evaluating the Influence of Reverse Osmosis on Lakes Using Water Quality Indices: A Case Study in Saudi Arabia
by
Mohammed T. Aljassim, Abdulaziz A. AlMulla, Mahmoud M. Berekaa and Abdulmalik S. Alsaif
Water 2024, 16(10), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101351 (registering DOI) - 10 May 2024
Abstract
A drastic level of resource degradation was revealed through a preliminary evaluation (completed in 2016) of water quality in a recreational lake in the second industrial city in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The primary signs were a foul smell, algal bloom, high turbidity, and
[...] Read more.
A drastic level of resource degradation was revealed through a preliminary evaluation (completed in 2016) of water quality in a recreational lake in the second industrial city in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The primary signs were a foul smell, algal bloom, high turbidity, and lack of aquatic life. This study aims to evaluate the influence of reverse osmosis (RO) on lake water quality. The recreational lake consists of two connected lakes (Lakes 1 and 2), which receive treated effluent from an industrial wastewater treatment plant. Composite samples were collected from the lakes to analyze their physiochemical parameters. Descriptive analyses were performed, and two water quality indices were developed to observe the variations in water quality conditions between the two periods (2016 and 2021). The results indicated that the water parameters of total dissolved solids (TDS), sulphate (SO42−), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) in 2016 (3356, 4100, 516, and 1.32 mg/L, respectively) were significantly improved in 2021 (2502, 1.28, 9.39, and 7.79 mg/L, respectively). The results of the water quality index (WQI) and comprehensive pollution index (CPI) indicated that the water quality in Lake 1 was significantly enhanced in 2021 (WQI = 85, CPI = 1) in comparison with assessment data from 2016 (WQI = 962, CPI = 8). However, the data from Lake 2 revealed higher pollution levels in 2021 (WQI = 1722, CPI = 18) than those recorded in 2016 (WQI = 1508, CPI = 13). As indicated by the absence of bad smells, algal blooms, and restoration of aquatic life, the RO intervention successfully improved the water quality in Lake 1. The WQI and CPI were helpful tools for evaluating lake water quality.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Water Treatment and Contaminants Control: Technologies and Strategies)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Comparative Study on the Determination of Chlorophyll-a in Lake Phytoplankton by a YSI Multi-Parameter Water Quality Meter and Laboratory Spectrophotometric Method
by
Jie Wang, Lizeng Duan, Donglin Li, Yuwei Zhang, Zheng Yuan, Huayu Li and Hucai Zhang
Water 2024, 16(10), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101350 (registering DOI) - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Algal blooms caused by eutrophication are a major global problem, and the monitoring and prediction of algal densities in lakes are important indicators of eutrophication management. However, the reliability of the commonly used chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) to characterize phytoplankton density in
[...] Read more.
Algal blooms caused by eutrophication are a major global problem, and the monitoring and prediction of algal densities in lakes are important indicators of eutrophication management. However, the reliability of the commonly used chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) to characterize phytoplankton density in lake environments needs to be further investigated. In this paper, we sampled and analyzed 365 samples from nine plateau lakes in Yunnan Province during the dry and rainy seasons. The Chl-a data measured by the laboratory spectrophotometric method and the portable YSI multi-parameter water quality meter (YSI) directly used in the field were compared, and regression analysis and correlation analysis with phytoplankton density were performed. Most of the Chl-a values measured by the laboratory instrument were greater than those measured by the YSI, and the correlation between the two methods was weak (0.492, p < 0.001). The correlation between Chl-a and phytoplankton density measured by the YSI reached 0.67 (p < 0.001) in the dry season, while the laboratory methods used to measure Chl-a to characterize phytoplankton density may have led to an overestimation of phytoplankton density due to nonspecific sources of Chl-a. However, both methods are relatively inaccurate for characterizing phytoplankton density. For different trophic states of lakes, nutrient concentration changes affect the Chl-a concentration of phytoplankton. During different seasons, changes in the fluorescence intensity of phytoplankton in response to environmental conditions prevent the YSI results from reflecting the authentic phytoplankton density. Furthermore, high species diversity can lead to inconsistent changes in Chl-a and phytoplankton because the content of Chl-a in individual cells of different phytoplankton is different. The relationship between Chl-a and phytoplankton density was species specific. Therefore, when applying Chl-a to characterize phytoplankton density in lakes, it is necessary to consider environmental conditions, phytoplankton community structure and other practical conditions. In addition, laboratory analytical methods and instrumental techniques and instruments need to be improved.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Hazard Assessment of Debris Flow: A Case Study of the Huiyazi Debris Flow
by
Yuntao Guo, Zhen Feng, Lichao Wang, Yifan Tian and Liang Chen
Water 2024, 16(10), 1349; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101349 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
The Bailong River Basin is situated at the northeastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the western transition zone of the Loess Plateau, characterized by steep terrain and heavy rainfall. This area experiences frequent occurrences of debris flows, posing serious threats to towns
[...] Read more.
The Bailong River Basin is situated at the northeastern edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the western transition zone of the Loess Plateau, characterized by steep terrain and heavy rainfall. This area experiences frequent occurrences of debris flows, posing serious threats to towns and construction projects. Focusing on the Huaiyazigou debris flow in the Bailong River Basin, numerical simulations of debris flow processes were conducted using Digital Surface Model (DSM) data with a resolution of 5 m × 5 m for various recurrence periods. The simulation results indicate that the debris flow develops rapidly along the gully after formation, decelerating and beginning to deposit upon reaching the cement plant area near the mouth of the gully, eventually merging into the Bailong River. The primary destructive modes of debris flow disasters encompass impact and burial. When encountering buildings, their flow characteristics manifest as deposition and diversion. A debris flow hazard classification model, based on intensity and recurrence periods, was established according to Swiss and Austrian standards, dividing the hazard into low, medium, and high levels. This method generated a debris flow hazard zone map, offering guidance for risk prevention and monitoring. This research demonstrates that using high-precision Digital Surface Models (DSM) can accurately represent the digital information of debris flow gully terrains and buildings. During the simulation process, it realistically reflects the characteristics of the debris flow movement, allowing for the more precise delineation of hazard zones.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Vison Transformer-Based Automatic Crack Detection on Dam Surface
by
Jian Zhou, Guochuan Zhao and Yonglong Li
Water 2024, 16(10), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101348 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Dam is an essential structure in hydraulic engineering, and its surface cracks pose significant threats to its integrity, impermeability, and durability. Automated crack detection methods based on computer vision offer substantial advantages over manual approaches with regard to efficiency, objectivity and precision. However,
[...] Read more.
Dam is an essential structure in hydraulic engineering, and its surface cracks pose significant threats to its integrity, impermeability, and durability. Automated crack detection methods based on computer vision offer substantial advantages over manual approaches with regard to efficiency, objectivity and precision. However, current methods face challenges such as misidentification, discontinuity, and loss of details when analyzing real-world dam crack images. These images often exhibit characteristics such as low contrast, complex backgrounds, and diverse crack morphologies. To address the above challenges, this paper presents a pure Vision Transformer (ViT)-based dam crack segmentation network (DCST-net). The DCST-net utilizes an improved Swin Transformer (SwinT) block as the fundamental block for enhancing the long-range dependencies within a SegNet-like encoder–decoder structure. Additionally, we employ a weighted attention block to facilitate side fusion between the symmetric pair of encoder and decoder in each stage to sharpen the edge of crack. To demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed method, six semantic segmentation models have been trained and tested on both a self-built dam crack dataset and two publicly available datasets. Comparison results indicate that our proposed model outperforms the mainstream methods in terms of visualization and most evaluation metrics, highlighting its potential for practical application in dam safety inspection and maintenance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing, Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning in Hydraulic Structure Safety Monitoring)
Open AccessArticle
Treatment of Dairy Farm Runoff in Vegetated Bioretention Systems Amended with Biochar
by
Md Yeasir A. Rahman, Nicholas Richardson, Mahmood H. Nachabe and Sarina J. Ergas
Water 2024, 16(10), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101347 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
Nitrogen and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in runoff from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) can impair surface and groundwater quality. Bioretention systems are low impact nature-based technologies that can effectively treat CAFO runoff if modified with an internal water storage zone (IWSZ) or
[...] Read more.
Nitrogen and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in runoff from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) can impair surface and groundwater quality. Bioretention systems are low impact nature-based technologies that can effectively treat CAFO runoff if modified with an internal water storage zone (IWSZ) or amended with biochar. In this study, the performances of four pilot-scale modified bioretention systems were compared to assess the impacts of (1) amending bioretention media with biochar and (2) planting the systems with Muhlenbergia. The system with both plants and biochar amendment had the best performance, with an average of 5.58 log reduction in E. coli and 98% removal of total nitrogen (TN). All systems treated the first pore volume well as new runoff flushed the treated water from the IWSZ. Biochar improved TN and FIB removal due to its high capacity to adsorb or retain ammonium (NH4+), dissolved organic nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, and E. coli. Planting improved performance, possibly by increasing rhizosphere microbial activity.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Impact of Hill Fires on Dissolved Organic Matter in Watersheds of Karst Areas Based on Three-Dimensional Fluorescence-Parallel Factor Analysis
by
Kangming Shi, Huarong Zhao and Zikang Ren
Water 2024, 16(10), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101346 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Hill fires have the potential to influence dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water bodies, yet fewer studies have investigated the effects of hill fires on DOM within watersheds in karst areas. In this study, we employed the three-dimensional fluorescence-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) method
[...] Read more.
Hill fires have the potential to influence dissolved organic matter (DOM) in water bodies, yet fewer studies have investigated the effects of hill fires on DOM within watersheds in karst areas. In this study, we employed the three-dimensional fluorescence-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) method to analyze the DOM fluorescence peaks, component compositions, fluorescence indices, and sources within the water body of the Yuanteng River sub-basin, which was impacted by the hill fire, serving as our primary research focus. The results indicate the presence of three primary fluorescent fractions in the water body of the Yuanteng River: C1, resembling humic acid (fulvic acid); C2, consisting of biopolymers and microbial by-products; and C3, containing proteins such as tyrosine and tryptophan. The Yuanteng River exhibited elevated levels of humus-like substances, diminished concentrations of protein-like substances, and demonstrated higher biogenic, freshness, and humification indices compared to unaffected water samples, reflecting the impact of the hill fire. Elevated levels of exogenous humic acid-like inputs into the waters of the Yuanteng River, along with exogenous inputs of DOM, were primarily influenced by stable, high-molecular-weight organic matter. Additionally, agricultural effluent, domestic sewage, and anthropogenic activities contributed to these inputs to a lesser degree. The impacts of endogenous inputs are mainly related to the restoration of ecosystems. The occurrence of hill fires has significantly influenced the composition of dissolved organic matter in the waters of the Yuanteng River. A comprehensive analysis of the impacts of hill fires on dissolved organic matter in water bodies can serve as a valuable reference for characterizing DOM in the water bodies of the Yuanteng River. Furthermore, it can inform strategies for environmental protection, facilitate the traceability of pollutants in water bodies, and contribute to environmental and ecological restoration efforts following hill fires in the region.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Mg–Fe Layered Double Hydroxides/Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers for Solar-Light Induced Peroxymonosulfate Elimination of Tetracycline Hydrochloride
by
Hao Peng, Beilei Ye, Meiying Luo and Xiaogang Zheng
Water 2024, 16(10), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101345 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The photo-induced peroxymonosulfate (photo-PMS) reaction is a promising route to eliminate antibiotics from waste water. To achieve excellent photo-PMS activity in Mg–Fe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation under simulative solar-light irradiation, Mg–Fe LDHs-loaded polyacrylonitrile (Mg–Fe/PAN) nanofibers were in-situ prepared
[...] Read more.
The photo-induced peroxymonosulfate (photo-PMS) reaction is a promising route to eliminate antibiotics from waste water. To achieve excellent photo-PMS activity in Mg–Fe layered double hydroxides (LDHs) for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation under simulative solar-light irradiation, Mg–Fe LDHs-loaded polyacrylonitrile (Mg–Fe/PAN) nanofibers were in-situ prepared via the hydrothermal route. For comparison to the photocatalysis and photo-PMS process, the Mg–Fe/PAN-assisted photo-PMS process exhibited a better elimination activity for TCH elimination. In addition, the photo-PMS activities of Mg–Fe/PAN composites were greatly affected by Mg–Fe LDHs content, TCH concentration, pH, and inorganic salts. Among these Mg–Fe/PAN composites, the optimal MgFe2/PAN with a Mg/Fe molar ratio of 1:2 and a nominal Mg–Fe LDHs content of 2.0 wt. % removed 81.31% TCH solution of 80 mg L−1 TCH within 120 min. This enhanced photo-PMS capacity of MgFe2/PAN was ascribed to the abundant active sites formed by functional groups and oxygen defects for efficient TCH species adsorption and photon capturing, and the tight interface between Mg–Fe LDHs nanoparticles and PAN nanofibers for the rapid separation and transfer of photoinduced e−/h+ pairs. SO4•− and •O2− radicals were vital for the MgFe2/PAN-assisted photo-PMS reaction.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Wastewater Treatment and Reuse)
Open AccessArticle
Dry and Wet Spells in Poland in the Period 1966–2023
by
Joanna Wibig
Water 2024, 16(10), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101344 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The aim of this study is to present the spatial and temporal variability of the frequency of dry and wet days and dry and wet spells against the background of changes in precipitation and atmospheric circulation. The study is based on daily precipitation
[...] Read more.
The aim of this study is to present the spatial and temporal variability of the frequency of dry and wet days and dry and wet spells against the background of changes in precipitation and atmospheric circulation. The study is based on daily precipitation totals from 46 meteorological stations in Poland from 1966 to 2023. Additionally, seven circulation indices were used, namely GBI, NAO, AO, EA, EA/WR, SCAND, and AMO. Dry days are defined as days without precipitation. Wet days are days with at least 1 mm of precipitation. It was shown that dry spells are much more common than wet spells, are longer, and cover larger areas. Long-term changes in the annual characteristics of dry and wet days and spells are not statistically significant. Only the length of the most extended dry spell in the year increases. However, there are significant changes in their annual cycles. Spring is drier; in summer, precipitation decreases in the south and increases in the north; November and December, symbols of gloomy rainy weather, are increasingly drier; and rainy weather has shifted to January and February. The impact of circulation varies according to the season, with the NAO, AO, SCAND, and GBI indices having the greatest influence.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Potential Climate and Human Water-Use Effects on Water-Quality Trends in a Semiarid, Western U.S. Watershed: Fountain Creek, Colorado, USA
by
Carleton R. Bern, Manya H. Ruckhaus and Erin Hennessy
Water 2024, 16(10), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101343 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Nutrients, total dissolved solids (TDS), and trace elements affect the suitability of water for human and natural needs. Here, trends in such water-quality constituents are analyzed for 1999–2022 for eight nested monitoring sites in the 24,000 km2 Fountain Creek watershed in Colorado,
[...] Read more.
Nutrients, total dissolved solids (TDS), and trace elements affect the suitability of water for human and natural needs. Here, trends in such water-quality constituents are analyzed for 1999–2022 for eight nested monitoring sites in the 24,000 km2 Fountain Creek watershed in Colorado, USA, by using the weighted regressions on time, discharge, and season (WRTDS) methodology. Fountain Creek shares characteristics with other western U.S. watersheds: (1) an expanding but more water-efficient population, (2) a heavy reliance on imported water, (3) a semiarid climate trending towards warmer and drier conditions, and (4) shifts of water from agricultural to municipal uses. The WRTDS analysis found both upward and downward trends in the concentrations of nutrients that reflected possible shifts in effluent management, instream uptake, and water conservation by a watershed population that grew by about 40%. Selenium, other trace elements, and TDS can pose water-quality challenges downstream and their concentrations were found to have a downwards trend. Those trends could be driven by either a warming and drying of the local climate or decreased agricultural irrigation, as both would reduce recharge and subsequent mobilization from natural geologic sources via groundwater discharge. The patterns illustrate how changes in climate and water use may have affected water quality in Fountain Creek and demonstrate the patterns to look for in other western watersheds.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Contaminants in the Water Environment)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Development and Applicability Evaluation of Damage Scale Analysis Techniques for Agricultural Drought
by
Youngseok Song, Jingul Joo, Hayong Kim and Moojong Park
Water 2024, 16(10), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101342 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
In recent years, the intensity and frequency of droughts have been increasing with the advent of the climate crisis. Agricultural droughts have a significant economic and social impact. Agricultural drought is not only a natural disaster but also leads to food security threats
[...] Read more.
In recent years, the intensity and frequency of droughts have been increasing with the advent of the climate crisis. Agricultural droughts have a significant economic and social impact. Agricultural drought is not only a natural disaster but also leads to food security threats and reduced economic activities, such as decreased productivity. Therefore, it is very important to specify the scale of agricultural drought and quantitatively estimate the economic damage. In this study, we developed an analytical methodology to quantitatively assess the economic damage of agricultural drought and estimated the damage of agricultural drought in 2018 and 2019 for the Republic of Korea. The 2018 agricultural drought was estimated to have caused USD 4.438 million in damage cost and USD 5.180 million in recovery cost. The 2019 drought was less damaging than the previous year, with an estimated damage cost of USD 286,000 and recovery costs of USD 218,000. The results suggest that the economic impact of agricultural drought varies by region depending on the frequency and intensity of the drought and confirm the importance of regional strategies for effective drought management and response. The impacts of agricultural drought go beyond short-term agricultural losses and lead to long-term economic burdens. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to be used as a basis for understanding the impacts of agricultural drought on national economies and for developing policies and strategies to minimize impacts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drought Monitoring and Risk Assessment)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability to Seawater Intrusion Using GALDIT, SITE and SIVI Methods in Laspias River Coastal Aquifer System, NE Greece
by
Christina Pliaka, Ioannis Gkiougkis, Dimitrios Karasogiannidis, Panagiotis Angelidis, Andreas Kallioras and Fotios-Konstantinos Pliakas
Water 2024, 16(10), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101341 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents the investigation of groundwater vulnerability to seawater intrusion of the aquifer system in the coastal area of Laspias River, NE Greece, for the year 2023, by applying the GALDIT, SITE and SIVI methods, in the context of the groundwater management
[...] Read more.
This paper presents the investigation of groundwater vulnerability to seawater intrusion of the aquifer system in the coastal area of Laspias River, NE Greece, for the year 2023, by applying the GALDIT, SITE and SIVI methods, in the context of the groundwater management of the area. The relevant research works include the collection and analysis of data and information regarding the geological and geomorphological environment, as well as the hydrogeological system of the area. The calculation of the GALDIT, SITE and SIVI indices values is described, and the results from the application of the methods are presented, as well as the design of relevant groundwater vulnerability maps of the study area. This paper concludes with findings and proposals useful for the reliable assessment of the hydrogeological regime of the wider study area.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eye4water—Strengthening the Water Management Practices (in EMT-R) through the Development of Innovative ICT Methodologies and Improvement of Research Infrastructures)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Temporal Phosphorus Dynamics in Shallow Eutrophic Lake Suwa, Japan
by
Yutaka Ichikawa, Takashi Kunito and Yuichi Miyabara
Water 2024, 16(10), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101340 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
It can be difficult to decrease the water phosphorus (P) concentration in eutrophic shallow lakes, even if the external P loading is reduced, owing to a high level of internal P loading to surface water from sediment. However, in shallow Lake Suwa, Japan,
[...] Read more.
It can be difficult to decrease the water phosphorus (P) concentration in eutrophic shallow lakes, even if the external P loading is reduced, owing to a high level of internal P loading to surface water from sediment. However, in shallow Lake Suwa, Japan, lake water P concentration has largely decreased in recent years owing to low levels of internal P loading, as well as declining external P loading. We measured water/sediment P and iron (Fe) concentrations and the P release rate from sediment in Lake Suwa, and then compared it with data from the 1970s. In the 1970s, the P concentration throughout the lake water was high during the hypoxic period. Recently, however, the P concentration has increased only in the hypolimnion during the hypoxic period. This suggests that internal P loading from sediment to surface water has largely been suppressed during the hypoxic period in recent years. This may be due to (i) stronger water stratification from global warming, (ii) a greater decrease in the P release rate from the sediment owing to a decline in sediment P concentration from the 1970s to 2020, and (iii) stronger formation of the Fe–P cycle in Lake Suwa recently, compared with that in the 1970s. Our results indicated the need to reduce both external P loading, and internal P loading from sediment to water, for effective water quality improvement in shallow lakes.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Research on the Reconstruction of Aquatic Vegetation Landscape in Coal Mining Subsidence Wetlands Based on Ecological Water Level
by
Pingjia Luo, Mengchu Zhang and Shiyuan Zhou
Water 2024, 16(10), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101339 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The eastern region of the Huang-Huai area is vital for China’s coal production, with high water table mining causing significant surface subsidence and the formation of interconnected coal mining subsidence wetlands. Restoring these wetlands is crucial for biodiversity, environmental quality, and sustainable development.
[...] Read more.
The eastern region of the Huang-Huai area is vital for China’s coal production, with high water table mining causing significant surface subsidence and the formation of interconnected coal mining subsidence wetlands. Restoring these wetlands is crucial for biodiversity, environmental quality, and sustainable development. Aquatic vegetation plays a crucial role in wetland ecosystems, underscoring its importance in restoration efforts. Understanding and managing water level fluctuations is essential due to their impact on vegetation. This study examines the Qianshiliying coal mining subsidence wetland in the Yanzhou Mining Area, China, with the goal of devising a water level regulation plan based on the minimum ecological water level to improve the growth and recovery of aquatic vegetation. The research delves into landscape ecological restoration techniques for aquatic vegetation in coal mining subsidence wetlands in the eastern Huang-Huai region, emphasizing the importance of water level management. The results reveal that the minimum ecological water level in the Qianshiliying coal mining subsidence wetland is 32.50 m, and an area of 78.09 hectares is suitable for the reconstruction of aquatic vegetation. This paper utilizes lake morphology, minimum biological space, and water level demand methods for aquatic plants in the landscape to promote restoration of coal mining subsidence wetlands. A notable strength of this approach is its ability to quantitatively predict the survival range and area of aquatic vegetation in these wetlands, enabling a more scientifically informed restoration of ecological balance and promoting landscape ecological restoration in the eastern Huang-Huai region.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Aquatic Environment Research for Sustainable Development)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Effect of Humic Amendment on Selected Hydrophysical Properties of Sandy and Clayey Soils
by
Branislav Kandra, Andrej Tall, Justína Vitková, Michal Procházka and Peter Šurda
Water 2024, 16(10), 1338; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101338 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In recent years, products containing humic acids have been increasingly used in agriculture to improve soil parameters. Quantifying their impact on soil quality is, therefore, of key importance. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of the commercial humic acid product (HA) on
[...] Read more.
In recent years, products containing humic acids have been increasingly used in agriculture to improve soil parameters. Quantifying their impact on soil quality is, therefore, of key importance. This study seeks to evaluate the impact of the commercial humic acid product (HA) on the hydrophysical parameters of sandy and clayey soils sampled from different sites in Slovakia. Specifically, the study hypothesizes that humic amendment will enhance particle density (ρs), dry bulk density (ρd), porosity (Φ), saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), soil water repellency (SWR), and water retention capacity in sandy and clayey soils. The results of the laboratory measurements were analyzed using NCSS statistical software at a statistical significance of p < 0.05. In sandy soil, there was a statistically significant decrease in ρd and Ks and an increase in Φ and a contact angle (CA) after the application of 1 g/100 cm3 HA. At a dose of 6 g/100 cm3 HA, the values of ρs, ρd, and Ks decreased, and the Φ and CA values increased. In clayey soil, the Ks value significantly decreased by −35.5% only after the application of 6 g/100 cm3 HA. The addition of HA increased the full water capacity (FWC) and available water capacity (AWC) of clayey and sandy soils. The positive influence of HA on the studied soil parameters was experimentally confirmed, which can be beneficial, especially for their use in agricultural production.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Spatial Differentiation and Influencing Factors Analysis of Drought Characteristics Based on the Standardized Precipitation Index: A Case Study of the Yellow River Basin
by
Qi Liu, Aidi Huo, Zhixin Zhao, Xuantao Zhao, Nazih Yacer Rebouh and Chenxu Luo
Water 2024, 16(10), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101337 (registering DOI) - 8 May 2024
Abstract
It is crucial to identify drought characteristics and determine drought severity in response to climate change. Aiming at the increasingly serious drought situation in the Yellow River Basin, this study firstly selected the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and streamflow drought index (SDI) to
[...] Read more.
It is crucial to identify drought characteristics and determine drought severity in response to climate change. Aiming at the increasingly serious drought situation in the Yellow River Basin, this study firstly selected the standardized precipitation index (SPI) and streamflow drought index (SDI) to analyze the characteristics of drought seasons, then identified the frequency, duration, and intensity of drought based on the run theory, and finally recognized the abrupt changing and driving factors of major drought events in specific years by the Mann–Kendall trend test. The conclusions showed the following: (1) The drought in the downstream of the Yellow River Basin was more severe than that in the upstream. The drought characteristics showed significant regional differentiation and deterioration. (2) The drought intensity and duration had an obvious spatial correlation. Compared with the other seasons, the drought duration and severity in spring and autumn were the most serious, and in winter, they showed an aggravating trend. (3) According to a time series analysis of drought conditions in the Yellow River Basin, the worst drought occurred in 1997–2001 with the least rainfall on record and a sudden rise in temperatures. This study could provide a scientific reference for agricultural drought disaster prevention and mitigation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Modeling and Assessment of Meteorological and Geological Hazards)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Rapid Formation and Performance of Aerobic Granular Sludge Driven by a Sodium Alginate Nucleus under Different Organic Loading Rates and C/N Ratios
by
Chunjuan Gan, Qiming Cheng, Renyu Chen, Xi Chen, Ying Chen, Yizhou Wu, Cong Li, Shanchuan Xu and Yao Chen
Water 2024, 16(10), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101336 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The use of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) for wastewater treatment has emerged as a promising biotechnology. A sodium alginate nucleus (SAN) incorporated into the AGS system can enhance aerobic granulation. Two important parameters influencing AGS formation and stability are the organic loading rate
[...] Read more.
The use of aerobic granular sludge (AGS) for wastewater treatment has emerged as a promising biotechnology. A sodium alginate nucleus (SAN) incorporated into the AGS system can enhance aerobic granulation. Two important parameters influencing AGS formation and stability are the organic loading rate (OLR) and C/N ratio. In this study, AGS containing the SAN was cultivated under different OLR and C/N ratios. Through morphological analysis, physicochemical properties, and water quality analysis, the effects of the OLR and C/N ratio on the rapid formation and performance of AGS containing the SAN were investigated. The results showed that the most suitable OLR and C/N ratio in the SAN system were 1.4–2.4 kg/(m3∙d) and 10–15, respectively. A recovery experiment of sodium alginate (SA) showed that the group that formed AGS generally had a higher recovery efficiency compared with the group that did not form granular sludge. This work explored the suitable granulation conditions of AGS containing the SAN, and the results provide a theoretical basis for future practical applications. The recycling of SA as presented in this study may broaden the application prospects of SA.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
Numerical Analysis of Dynamic Response in Large Caissons during Wet-towing after Cable Breakage
by
Haoyang Gu, Qingyun Xu, Huakun Wang and Weibing Feng
Water 2024, 16(10), 1335; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16101335 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
Variable and complex marine environmental loads combined with wave resistance and the insufficient controllability of large caisson structures pose serious challenges during maritime towing. Cable breakage events are common, and improper behaviors could give rise to a variety of accidents. This work explored
[...] Read more.
Variable and complex marine environmental loads combined with wave resistance and the insufficient controllability of large caisson structures pose serious challenges during maritime towing. Cable breakage events are common, and improper behaviors could give rise to a variety of accidents. This work explored the dynamic responses of large caisson structures following towing cable breakage under irregular waves combined with harsh currents. Two types of cable breakage, i.e., main bridle and towing bridle breakage, were taken into account. Four potential wave–current combinations were assumed for each situation according to direction. The obtained results show that drag rope breakage could give rise to lateral shifts in the structure, which can become a serious condition when exposed to angled waves. Additionally, following breakage, significant force fluctuations took place in the remaining intact cables. For main cable breakage, both lateral and backward displacements were observed in the structure, which gradually entered a ‘flowing with the wave’ state. Furthermore, under the two abovementioned cable breakage conditions, the structure air gap consistently exceeded 2.3 m, ignoring the possibility of a wave slamming event.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Oceans and Coastal Zones)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- Water Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Materials, Minerals, Processes, Sustainability, Toxics, Water
Removal of Hazardous Substances from Water Resources
Topic Editors: Gujie Qian, Yan Zhou, Weifeng ChenDeadline: 20 May 2024
Topic in
Diversity, Environments, JMSE, Toxics, Water
Coastal Macro-, Meso-, and Microplastic Pollution: Effects on the Health of Humans and Ecosystems
Topic Editors: Alba Ardura Gutiérrez, Sara Fernandez FernandezDeadline: 30 May 2024
Topic in
Agronomy, Climate, Earth, Remote Sensing, Water
Advances in Crop Simulation Modelling
Topic Editors: Mavromatis Theodoros, Thomas Alexandridis, Vassilis AschonitisDeadline: 15 June 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Bioengineering, Fermentation, Processes, Water
Bioreactors: Control, Optimization and Applications - 2nd Volume
Topic Editors: Francesca Raganati, Alessandra ProcenteseDeadline: 30 June 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
Water
Aquaculture Water Safety
Guest Editors: Xingguo Liu, Jun Xie, Jie WangDeadline: 10 May 2024
Special Issue in
Water
Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) Research
Guest Editors: Peng Du, Phong ThaiDeadline: 25 May 2024
Special Issue in
Water
Nitrification-Denitrification Processes in Bioreactors for Wastewater and Sludge Treatment
Guest Editors: Antonio Albuquerque, Qiulai HeDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
Water
Persistent and Emerging Organic Contaminants in Natural Environments
Guest Editors: Jasmin Rauseo, Francesca Spataro, Luisa PatroleccoDeadline: 20 June 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
Water
Water Policy Collection
Collection Editors: Meri Raggi, Davide Viaggi, Giacomo Zanni